Although roughages are the main components of diet for ruminants, they cannot digest the lignocellulolytic feedstuffs. Thus they depend on the microbial population which exists on their alimentary tract. Rumen microbial ecosystem mainly consists of bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Their main function in the rumen is fermentative process of feeds. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of defaunating the rumen of sheep on the amount of gas produced by incubation of wheat straw, alfalfa hay, cottonseed meal and barley grain. In this experiment four rumen fistulated sheep (breed of shal) used in a latin square design. Four diets containing 0, 20, 40 and 60% concentrate used in two stage of faunate and defaunated. Defaunating the rumen was done using emptying and washing method (Jouany and Senaud, 1979). The results of gas test on four feeds (wheat straw, alfalfa, cottonseed meal and barley grain) in rumen liquor of sheep containing protozoa was 44.3, 46.6, 35.3 and 70.0 and in rumen liquor of defaunated sheep was 33.3, 40.7, 37.1 and 65.3 mililiters respectively. By defaunating the rumen the volume of gas produced was significantly (except for cottonseed meal) and significant difference (p<0.05) observed for wheat straw.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

In the present study, the chemical composition and nutritional value of quinoa crop residues were determined using insitu and invitro gas production techniques in comparison with alfalfa hay. After harvesting, whole quinoa plants were dried at environmental temperature, the seeds were separated, and the crop residues were used for the experiment. The results showed that the content of gross energy, dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and lignin of quinoa was higher than alfalfa hay (P<0. 05). Crude protein concentration of quinoa (12. 29%) was lower than alfalfa hay (14. 32%). The main part of the tannin in quinoa was hydrolysable. Although the degradation rate and post-ruminal digestibility of quinoa and alfalfa hay were similar, ruminal, and total tract digestibility of quinoa were lower than alfalfa hay (P<0. 05). No significant differences were found in gas production rate (c) between quinoa and alfalfa hay, however, it’ s gas production potential (b) was lower than alfalfa hay (P<0. 05). Organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy of lactation in quinoa crop residues were also lower than alfalfa hay (P<0. 05). Based on the results of this study, quinoa crop residues have suitable nutritional potential for replacing part of the forage to meet part of the nutritional requirements of ruminant feeds. However, invivo studies are recommended to determine it’ s appropriate level in the diet.

BACKGROUND: Chemical composition and heat processing extent can affects fermentabality of barley grain.OBJECTIVES: The examination was conducted to investigate the effects of different time of roasting (5, 10 or 15 min at 120oC) and variety of barley grain (Sahand and Makouyi) on nutritive value and correlation between its parameter with bulk density using in vitro gas production techniques.METHODS: The data was analyzed using factorial completely randomized design.RESULTS: The result show that heat treatment decreased the degradation of DM in each variety. Gas production of soluble and in soluble fraction (A) and rapid of degradation decreased by increasing time of roasting. The obtained data from gas production at 24 h after incubation were used for estimation of metabolazable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and digestible organic matter (DOM). Estimated parameters of gas production were affected by variety and heat treatment. Metabolizable energy decreased by increasing time of roasting from 9.40 to 8.29 and 9.61 to 8.77 at Sahand and Makoei variety respectively. Correlation between metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation, short chain fatty acids and digestible organic matter by BD50 was positive (r2=0.53, r2=0.52, r2=0.58 and r2=0.52 respectively).CONCLUSIONS: Results of this research showed that roasting process can be used effectively the same as other conventional heat treatment methods for decreasing degradability of dry matter in rumen and increasing digestible escaped dry matter resulting improved rumen ecosystem and decreased acidosis due to decreasing of rate of fermentation.

Taxus baccata is an endangered forest tree species which its regeneration is very low. Embryo culture carried out to find a practical method for seedling mass propagation. Seeds collected in December 2004 from its natural stand at Zarrin gol valley of Ali Abad Katol in Golestan province, Iran. The seeds were immersed under running water four treatments used to sterilize the seeds. The best treatment (a=%1) was Benomyl 1%. ethanol alcahol 70%, Sedium hypochlorite 3% and mercuric chloride 1%. Sixty seven percent of the treated seeds were uncontaminated from bacteria and fungi. Based on the method experienced in these research embryos separated from the seeds walls and endosperm. As a result many embryos were tested under inviro method at short period. The embryos were cultured on Ms Containing casein, yeast, ascorbic acid and activated charcoal (0.1, 1.0, 0.1 and 5.0 gr-1 respectively). Plantlets were recultured every two weeks in order to increase the shoot height to 5cm. Monthly growth rate of plantlets was 0.7cm. The plantlets were transplanted to jiffy plate after few reculturing then watered at two first weeks with liquid Ms Nutrition solution containing antibiotic (Carbonicilin). In order to increase root development, the young plantlets growing in jiffy Plate were treated with IBN and NAA (1.0 and 0.5mg-1 respectively) after two weeks and enough growth (shoot and root) plantlets were transplanted in to soil and kept in a growth room for three months at 25°c for 14 hours in light and 17°c for 8 hours in dark. All seedlings had normal growth.

Background: Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is a species belonging to the genus Corylus. Its various segments contain different metabolites with very valuable medicinal, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties.Objective: The present study was done to investigation the optimal conditions for hazelnut plants regenerated from cotyledon as explants and invitrotaxol production.Methods: Cotyledon segments were cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D concentrations of 0, 0.5 and 1 mgl-1 alone or in combination with concentrations of 0, 0.5 and mgl-1 BA for callus induction. For regeneration, Calli were sub-cultured to the same medium and or transferred to the MS medium containing BA at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mgl-1 Callus was formed in all hormonal treatments. The ability of taxol production in calli was evaluated by adding methyl jasmonat in 0, 10, 40, 70, 100, 130 and 160 mM concentrations.Results: In hormonal treatment including 0.5 mgl-1 2.4-D regeneration was observed. The highest Taxol content (16.7 mg/KgDW) was obtained by adding 130 mM methyl jasmoante against of 4.3 mg/KgDW in control condition. In regenerative treatments maximum number of regenerated shoot (2.5) was in 1 mgl-1 BA. The regenerated shoots were rooted in MS medium containing 2 mg NAA in combination with 0.5 mgl-1 BA. After rooting process, the plantlets with suitable growth (10 cm length) were planted in the mixture of perlite: peat: cocopit in a 1:2:1 ratio and than were placed in a box with a humidity of 90%. The adapted plants were transferred to greenhouse after 4 weeks.Conclusion: This study can be applied as an effective method for callus induction in order to establishment of suspension culture to taxol production and also results can be useful for regeneration of transgenic calli.

Aim and Background: Wide application of nanoparticles in different areas of medical science has been growing faster than before. Small size makes them highly active. Therefore this gives them chemical, physical and biological unique properties. Nanoparticles have no problem crossing through biological barriers in body. Hence, these particles may be utilized in order to target drugs and some other materials. Wide application needs to investigate their cytotoxicity effects on target cells and adjacent cells. In this study we aimed to analysis effect of nanoparticles on invitro.Materials and methods: Related articles in this review were obtained from PubMed, Google and Elsevier Science using the key words nanoparticles, cytotoxicity and differentiation.Results: Based on the results of this study, nanoparticles are able to leave both positive and negative effects. In vitro experiments indicate that the main mechanism of action is based on changing levels of intracellular ROS.Conclusion: The results of reported studies have shown that nanoparticles are able to alter intracellular ROS levels and affect growth and differentiation cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming. Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have developed programs to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment. In the petrochemical industry, for example, isoprene, is a major contributor to the production of carbon dioxide, generating large amounts of acidic and hydrocarbon gases that are burned and released into the atmosphere. This study aimed to investigate the absorption of greenhouse gases from isoprene production by the marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis suecica, as well as the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.METHODS: Microalgae cells were cultured in a bioreactor. The grown microalgae strains and mineralized water were fed to the bioreactor. Gases discharged from isoprene production were passed through the bioreactor. Inlet and outlet gas compositions were monitored by chromatography.FINDINGS: Absorption of gases discharged from isoprene production by microalgae was studied for the first time. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by an average of 20 times. A mixture of microalgae Tetraselmis suecica and Isochrysis galbana reduced methane and carbon dioxide contents by a factor of 10 but completely absorbed hydrocarbon gases from methane to pentane.CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that microalgae cultivation can be used as a reliable and stable technology for the biofixation of the gases discharged in isoprene production. This technology can eliminate the combustion stage of hydrocarbon gases in isoprene production and significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.